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Gain is the weight applied to the diffuse parameters. You may also drive this with another pattern to show things like fading or wetness (where liquid darkens a surface).
Below are examples at 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 gain for a 50% gray material.
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Color
Color is typically where textures or patterns are connected to create color for opaque objects.
This is where a wood color texture would go, for example.
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This only applies when Double-Sided is on. This sets the transmitted color which could be different than the diffuse or back color. This is ignored if Transmit Gain is zero. This effect is useful for thin objects like leaves or paper. Below there's a light placed in the interior of the object and some interior text can be seen as light transmits through the surface.
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RenderMan Fundamentals
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